Modern genetics began in the 1860s when Gregor Mendel, an Augustinian monk, discovered the fundamental principles of genetic endowment. He came up with multiple theories such as the Particulate Theory of heredity which states that p arents transmit genes to their children that remain as separate factors from mavin propagation to the next. While attending the University of Vienna, Professor Doppler, a physicist, trained him to pass a quantitative experimental approach to the study of inbred phenomena.
Also, at the University of Vienna, Unger, a botanist, interested him in the causes of inheritable variations in plants. He chose to study garden peas because they were available in umteen easily distinguishable varieties. Also, strict control over trade union was possible to ensure the parentage of new seeds. Petals of these flowers enclose the pistil (the feminine part of the flower) and the stamen (the male part of the flower) which prevents cross-fertilization. He hybridized the plants by transferring pollen from one flower to another with an artists brush. He then used avowedly breeding to produce offspring with the same traits as the parents when the parents are self-fertilized. He did this to insure that his plants were pure for the trait he precious to study.
Mendel started his experiments with true-breeding plant varieties which he hybridized, cross-pollinated, in experimental crosses.
He discover the transmission of selected traits for at least 3 generations. While doing his experiments, Mendel came up with the Law of Segregation which states that allele pairs separate during gamete formation (meiosis), and the coupler of these separated alleles are restored by the random fusion of gametes at fertilization. Alleles are alternative forms for a gene, and two alleles are required for each character trait. If the two alleles differ, one is fully expressed or dominant, and the other is completely masked...
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